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Nouns and Adjectives

Adjective Agreement

Adjectives must agree with the gender, number, and case of the noun

In German, adjectives change their ending depending on the article they are used with, and the gender of the noun. At A1, focus on nominative (subject) case with definite articles (der/die/das) and indefinite articles (ein/eine/ein). Adjectives that come after the noun with 'sein' do NOT change — they stay in their base form.

1

Predicate adjectives (after 'sein') never change

When an adjective comes after 'sein' (to be), it doesn't need an ending: Das Auto ist schnell. Die Frau ist schön. Der Mann ist groß. The adjective stays in its base form.

2

Adjectives before nouns with definite articles (der/die/das) take -e or -en

With definite articles: der/die/das + adjective + -e for masculine nominative (der alte Mann), feminine (die alte Frau), neuter (das alte Kind). All other forms (accusative, dative, plural) use -en.

3

Adjectives before nouns with indefinite articles (ein/eine) take -er/-e/-es

With indefinite articles in nominative: masculine ein + adj-er (ein alter Mann), feminine eine + adj-e (eine alte Frau), neuter ein + adj-es (ein altes Kind). The adjective 'picks up' the gender signal.

4

Plural adjectives before nouns add -en in most cases

die alten Männer, die alten Frauen, die alten Kinder. With no article (bare plural): alte Männer, alte Frauen, alte Kinder (add -e or gender-specific ending).

Gender Definite Article Adjective Ending Example Indefinite Article Adjective Ending Example
Masculineder-eder alte Mannein-erein alter Mann
Femininedie-edie alte Fraueine-eeine alte Frau
Neuterdas-edas alte Kindein-esein altes Kind
Pluraldie-endie alten Kinder— (bare)-ealte Kinder

Das ist ein großes Haus.

That is a big house.

Neuter noun + indefinite article: -es ending

Die kleine Katze schläft.

The small cat sleeps.

Feminine noun + definite article: -e ending

Ich habe einen neuen Freund.

I have a new friend.

Masculine noun + indefinite article + accusative: -en ending

Der Mann ist groß.

The man is tall.

Predicate adjective after 'ist' — no ending

Ich sehe ein schönes Mädchen.

I see a beautiful girl.

Neuter noun + indefinite article: -es ending

  • Start with predicate adjectives (after 'sein') — they never change. This covers 'Das Wetter ist schön', 'Er ist müde', etc.
  • Think of the adjective ending as 'carrying' the gender signal when the article doesn't show it clearly. With 'ein', the article doesn't show gender, so the adjective must: ein-er, ein-e, ein-es.
  • With 'der/die/das', the article already clearly shows gender, so the adjective only needs a simple -e ending.
  • In practice, learn adjective+noun combinations as fixed phrases first: ein schöner Tag, eine gute Idee, ein kleines Kind.
  • Adding an ending after 'sein': ✗ Das Auto ist schnelles → ✓ Das Auto ist schnell.
  • Using -e with indefinite masculine: ✗ ein alte Mann → ✓ ein alter Mann.
  • Using -er with definite masculine: ✗ der alter Mann → ✓ der alte Mann.
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DE

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Ich lese ein interessantes Buch.

I read an interesting book.

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